![]() The aforementioned studies used a heterogeneous set of methodologies, and measured PR during the day, hence the measurements were probably susceptible to various confounders, which could explain the discrepancy observed. Other studies did not find a significant difference in daytime resting PR between different phases of the menstrual cycle during the day 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22. One study reported an increase in PR at ovulation 12, and several found an increase during the luteal phase 13, 14, 15. Only a few studies have investigated the effect of menstrual cycle phase on PR during sleep they all reported an increase during the luteal phase 9, 10, 11.Įarlier studies that took place during daytime demonstrated the association of PR and the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Sleep is considered a more favorable condition to measure the influence of sex hormones on cardiac activity, as it minimizes the influence of external conditions that can affect the heart rate 6, 7, 8. In contrast to clinical settings, wearable sensors allow for the continuous monitoring of physiological parameters under representative normal living conditions, including sleep. In addition, wearable PPG technology has been established to be an accurate estimation of PR in healthy individuals during rest and sleep 6. Photoplethysmography (PPG) technology is a noninvasive, affordable, and user-friendly method to measure pulse rate. The authors of the study acknowledged the difficulty associated with the study protocol given the need for participants to be present in the clinic daily. 5 demonstrated that pulse rate significantly increases during the fertile window compared to the menstrual phase (fertility was established by directly measuring reproductive hormones using first morning urine). Furthermore, these effects are mirrored on the heart rate throughout the different menstrual phases 5. In addition, both hormones are known to affect the cardiovascular system through various mechanisms. ![]() ![]() It is well-known that levels of estrogen and progesterone change with the different phases of the menstrual cycle 3. Therefore, methods that rely on physiological parameters reflecting the fertile window represent a more consistent predictor. In addition, the considerable inter- and intra-person cycle variability limits their utility for a large fraction of the population 2, especially given the frequent occurrence of anovulatory cycles (12–37%) 3, 4. While calendar based methods offer an appealing solution their accuracy is questionable 1. Hence, PR monitoring using wearable sensors could be used as one parameter within a multi-parameter fertility awareness-based method.ĭespite years of progress in fertility research, a user-friendly, non-invasive, and affordable method to estimate the female fertile window remains elusive. The aforementioned association was robust to the inter- and intra-person variability of menstrual-cycle length, behavioral, and nutritional profiles. There is a significant increase of the fertile-window PR (collected during sleep) compared to the menstrual phase. PR increase in the ovulatory and mid-luteal phase was robust to adjustment for the collected confounders. Moreover, PR during the mid-luteal phase was also significantly elevated compared to the fertile window (1.8 beat-per-minute, p < 0.01), and the menstrual phase (3.8 beat-per-minute, p < 0.01). We observed a significant increase in PR during the fertile window compared to the menstrual phase (2.1 beat-per-minute, p < 0.01). 274 ovulatory cycles were recorded from 91 eligible women, with a mean cycle length of 27.3 days (☒.7). Potential behavioral and nutritional confounders were collected daily. ![]() Ovulation day was estimated with “Clearblue Digital-Ovulation-urine test”. Participants measured PR during sleep using wrist-worn bracelets with photoplethysmographic sensors. 91 healthy, non-pregnant women, between 22–42 years old, were recruited for a prospective-observational clinical trial. We examine in this study the correlation between pulse rate (PR) and the menstrual phases using wrist-worn PR sensors. An affordable, user-friendly fertility-monitoring tool remains an unmet need.
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